International Business research paper written in the JOURNAL STYLE Essay

Global Business research paper written in the JOURNAL STYLE ARTICLE - Essay Example In reality it rules the market with its entirely reasonable Haute Courte designs for the young ladies and ladies moving. It sells a normal of 30 sets of pants a moment, 6,000 of pants a day and 35,000 sets of shoes each week. â€Å"Topshop draws in ladies from their adolescents to the 40s looking for a week by week style idea†. (Topshop Website). While essentially focusing on the female area, it design lines for men just as infants. It’s co-marking with Kate Moss, the celebrated Model not long ago was a determined move to give it a new push to move into the rewarding American and European markets, and it has since never thought back. It has 309 select stores in the UK and various well known retailers across US and Europe offer it space at their outlets for a fluctuated and broad presentation. Undoubtedly the first week’s deals at the UK outlets of the Kate Moss assortment surpassed  £ 3 million, were past desires and are going solid from that point forward. (Design United News). Big name names do positively affect deals and benefit figures and those particularly from the universe of design and diversion, after games, are locked in routinely by shopper item producers and retailers. (Sarah Modlock). Buyers have supported items supported or embraced by VIPs and this is especially valid for clothing and extras as individuals have a propensity to look great and subsequently feel better. Presenting and lining up with Kate Moss by Topshop was a splendid move and has paid liberally. It is required to improve the listing primary concern of the organization and will be an excellent achievement. Topshop is possessed by Arcadia Group, which additionally claims British Home Stores, Miss Selfridges, Burtons, Dorothy Perkins and others, and the monetary outcomes for the gathering toward the end September 2007 are as per the following. It had a complete offer of  £ 1.8 billion with benefits of  £ 293.3

Why I want to be a Medical Assistant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I need to be a Medical Assistant - Essay Example One of the serious issues in the human services industry is the deficiency of labor. Simultaneously, the quantity of patients who take cover in clinics as a result of incessant sicknesses is developing step by step. There are three significant reasons which inspired me to choose the vocation in the field of clinical aides: American patients are confronting challenges in discussing appropriately with remote emergency clinic staffs, America is losing enormous sums as a result of re-appropriating of administrative and managerial clinic occupations to outside nations and Medical right hand calling is exceptionally secure and adequately paid calling. A large portion of the individuals working in American wellbeing segment are outsiders. On account of the lack of Americans in the medicinal services industry, patients are confronting issues in discussing adequately with the outsiders. It is hard for an American to discuss adequately with an outsider, regardless of whether the outsider has s ome information in English.

Skills to Put on A Resume

Skills to Put on A Resume Say Hello to Joe. Joe is a Graphic Designer that recently decided to expand his private business and offer three lucky candidates with a great paying job and the ability to work on their time.Bob shares an interest in graphic designing and is excited to work with Joe. But how does Bob prove to Joe that he’s indeed the right fit?That’s right…Skills.Skills that Bob puts on his resume ensure Joe understands what Bob is proficient in and lets Joe assess if Bob can truly handle his business.Like Bob, you may wish to know the right skills to include on your resume.Hence, this article is designed to advise you on the skills to put on your resume through easy to learn sections below â€"The difference between hard skills and soft skillsHow to place your skillsets from the highest to the lowest priorityUnderstanding various skillsets and what they mean to employersWhat you shouldn’t put on your resumeExamples for stunning resumesDIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN SOFT SKILLS AND HARD SKILLS AND H OW TO PRIORITIZE INFORMATION ON YOUR RESUMEWhat are Soft Skills?Every person demonstrates personal attributes and social cues that remain unique to them.These abilities showcase how we interact with others and whether we can hold an interesting conversation or not. Such skills are known as soft skills or transferable skills and are based off our own emotions. These skills are harder to assess than our technical knowledge.Examples of soft skills to include in your resume with their summaries and examples demonstrating how to add these skills to your resume â€"Critical ThinkingA critical thinker is one who can identify ideas and is able to think clearly through a situation to find a solution to an ongoing problem.Businesses are always looking for quality candidates with this important core ability to add to their workforce.An employee who can evaluate and justify inconsistencies is an invaluable addition to any workspace.Resume Example“Ability to analyze large projects and dilute wo rk tasks into manageable goals to increase efficiency”DependabilityAn employee who is available to fill various schedules when other employees are unavailable is a critical aspect to success.Companies recognize such employees as valuable workforce and you are bound to be a high-priority candidate if you possess the ability to complete your tasks within the committed deadline.Resume Example“Responsible in handling sensitive situations within the company. Possess strong line of communication to assist others in time of need”LeadershipThe ability to be able to run the company in the absence of a senior level manager or boss.This transferable skill demonstrates the flexibility and visionary outlook of the candidate and proves why being able to transfer into a leadership role can be invaluable during a critical time within the company.Resume Example“Assisted in training 5 employees to integrate them into the company’s workforce when the responsibility came up”Attention to Det ailStrong sense in understanding the values of time management and organizing objectives is what a company expects in an individual.Attention to Detail is a core requirement if you want to be taken seriously, the ability to plan strategically and overcome challenges without needing to sacrifice quality is a serious talent companies look for.Resume Example“Was tasked by senior managers in restructuring and organizing underdeveloped workflow to meet quality requirements.”Initiative/InnovationAn employee must be eager to learn and have a thirst for knowledge. He must look to understand the current trends and update himself to be an expert at his role. The ability to brainstorm and present new age ideas is what innovation is about.Resume Example“Received accolades and awards over a span of 5-years dedicated to my work ethic and for developing core strategies on water-saving techniques on behalf of the company”NetworkingForging strong relationships and the ability to convey ideas to your team in a concise and clear manner is what networking is about.This soft skill is almost a basic requirement in every company and you are required to speak either to present an idea or discuss a strategy with a positive mindset.Resume Example“Facilitated detailed concepts on various ideas related to digital marketing to a gathering of over 200 people”FlexibilityFlexibility is a trait that let’s a candidate solve problems before they arise and have a sense of responding to challenges well before they become an obstacle for the company.Unpredictable schedules should be managed with maximum efficiency and the candidate should also be able to re-prioritize tasks as he sees fit.Resume Example“Nurtured working relationships with clients and colleagues and maintained a professional demeanor to tackle outstanding issues in my previous company”Why Do Employers Seek Soft Skills in Candidates?Apart from their job description, employers seek out specialized soft skills from t heir candidates.Every employee is bound to engage with clients and co-workers daily, the ability to be able to interact well opens a world of success for the company.Consider this example â€" You are an employer looking to hire a carpenter for your business. You’ve shortlisted two candidates with the exact same experience and job skillset.In fact, it’s almost impossible to select the winning candidate so you decide to test their communication skills in the 2nd interview round.You notice that one of the two has a way with words and has terrific communication skills.You decide to hire him as you understand the value of interacting with clients is just as necessary as their primary skillset.The following example demonstrates how crucial soft skills are to the shortlisting process during recruitment and it can mean the difference of you landing the job or not.What are Hard Skills?Hard skills are technical skills that are usually acquired through an educational institute with an acco mpanying certificate to prove your qualification.These skills are the primary reason you are applying to the job and consist of you being extremely knowledgeable at what you do. Hard skills are all skills that can be evaluated and measured in real time.Here are examples of the top performing hard skills with their summaries and skillsets to give you an understand on what skills to put on your resume â€"Computer ProgrammingA candidate specializing in computer programming should possess skills in application design, system management, process improvement, software support, solutions research, systems analysis and hardware deployment.Computer programmers spend hours writing in various computer languages such as Java and C++. They are responsible for debugging and fixing errors within the program.Sample Skills to Include in ResumeOperating Systems â€" UNIX, Solaris, TPF 4.0, Novell v3-v5Software â€" Symantec Security Suite, Adobe Illustrator, MS Office, Lotus Notes, Supervision Enterpri se ManagementLanguages â€" Spectre, QBasic, FORTRAN, AssemblerHardware Systems â€" Compaq Servers, Dell, IBM, Cisco Routers and Switches, HPGraphic DesignerA graphic designer is an artist that is the forefront of innovative new designs and creative resources.Typography plays an important role in a graphic designer’s role, the kind of fonts they use, and the type of scripts are all part of the technical knowledge that can lead to future projects with clients.Sample Skills to Include in ResumeLogo DesignTypesettingAd DesignPrepressArt DesignBook DesignCollateral DesignFont DesignPresentation DesignSoftware worked with â€" Indesign, Photoshop, Illustrator, Acrobat,Familiar with â€" HTML, CSS, DreamweaverAccountingAn accountant’s role is to record transactions, maintain financial records, advise on taxation matters, perform internal audits, analyze financial information, and summarize profit and losses.In a company role, an account must reconcile financial discrepancies by analyzing the individual accounts and the information related to them.Sample Skills to Include in ResumeAccount reconciliationsStatement reconciliationsBAC payment runsStock invoice variancesCustomer ServiceDealing in Supplier QueriesKnowledge in non-automated and automated invoice processesWell-experienced of dealing in multi-currency invoicesLegal AssistantA Legal Assistant’s role is to understand administrative work and perform clerical duties relating to legal administration. A Legal assistant is supposed to verify information and organize archives and supporting documents.They are also responsible for developing cases and researching data for attorneys along with maintaining clear communication with clients.Sample Skills to Include in ResumeDocument ControlDaily Docket ReportsAbility to Prepare Legal Complaints and InterrogatoriesCase ManagementDocumatrixCalendar and SchedulingFamily law familiarityInterpreter for Legal InformationFinancial OfficerA financial officer’s primary job r ole is to prepare monthly statements and investigate variances by sorting information and data.Their secondary jobs include responding to financial queries, preparing reports, updating clients on the current financial status, analyzing market trends, and helping companies make their management decisions.Sample Skills to Include in ResumeBudgeting and ForecastingProductivity BenchmarkingCash and Treasury ManagementAsset LiquidationComplex Financial ModelingVendor Relations and NegotiatingOperational Business PlanningProfit OptimizationDigital Marketing ExecutiveA digital marketer has various roles to fulfill within the digital world. He’s assigned with developing marketing campaigns and managing them. They are tasked to oversee strategies to generate traffic and optimize website bounce rates.Digital marketers are pioneers of Search Engine Optimization and hence, much of their time is spent in ranking websites high on search engines.Sample Skills to Include in ResumeBing Ads Certifi edGoogle AdWords CertifiedSEO implementationUX design proficiencyCoding knowledge in HTML and CSSSocial Media MarketingWeb ProductionsAudio/Video EditingLead GenerationWeb AnalyticsWeb DesignA web designer’s core responsibility lies in designing the layout and features of a website. He should have certain knowledge in computer programming as well as in graphic design to ensure the website is created based on the client’s assessment.Web designers must also possess considerable knowledge in multimedia design and digital imaging to add high-quality videos and images to the website.Sample Skills to Include in ResumeProgramming LanguagesJava ProgrammerJavaScript (Advanced)jQuery (Advanced)Certified MySQL (Advanced)Tools and UtilitiesWebSphereTomcatEclipseDesigning Software3D Studio MaxIllustratorA QUICK FORMULA ON HOW TO PRIORITIZE INFORMATION ON YOUR RESUMETo prioritize information based on the most critical details, we need to think and act like an employer.Let’s say you’ve jus t received a candidate’s resume and you begin glancing through it searching for information to assess their experience.How would you do it?Here’s a quick formula to understand how you should prioritize your information like an employer would â€"Step 1.The very first thing is to know their name and personal information. Next, glance through all their educational qualifications. Their graduating university can speak volumes about them.Step 2.You should prioritize their technical knowledge over their achievements. After all, it’s what they will be doing for the major portion of their time.Step 3.Their experience is equally important, it allows you to understand if they can fulfill the job role with ease or if further training is required.Step 4.The next move is to check their transferable skills and how good they can communicate with others. Common sense is a necessity as well.Step 5.Finally, when you have a brief understanding of what you are recruiting you begin to ask the cand idate a few questions to understand them better.Great! Now that we’ve got all the information from an employer’s point of view. It’s time to list these skills on a priority basis. The most important stays on top and the one’s that are negligible remain below.From the following assessment as an employer, we can prioritize the most important parts as follows.Name and Contact DetailsEducational QualificationsTechnical Knowledge (Hard Skills)Transferable Skills (Soft Skills)ExperienceAchievementsAny information you want your employer to knowNow that we’ve got a clear picture on how to prioritize information on your resume. The next part is putting together the information in a concise manner without letting clutter make their way in.Here’s a video by Deniz Sasal to help you identify the kind of skills that employers like to see on their candidate’s resume. 3 TIPS TO MAKE YOUR RESUME STAND OUT BY OPTIMIZING SKILLSET DATA1. Utilize Numbers in Your Skillsets instead of Wild T heoriesProving to your boss that you’ve got the mettle to perform in the company is easier than you think.Convert your response into statistics and facts and don’t just make claims of your accomplishments.Every fact adds value to your resume and your skills really start to shine.Consider the following examples â€"Non-fact Claim #1Proficient at converting leads with maximum efficiencyStatistical Fact #1Was able to raise sales conversions at 54%Non-fact Claim #2Have great command in major programming languages used in companies todayStatistical Fact #2Ability to program in C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, JavaScript, and Objective-CAs you can see, employers are bound to employ bright candidates who can put a number and statistic to their skillset rather than a wild justification.2. Utilize Keywords to Minimize ReadingMinimizing your skillsets from phrases to single keywords is necessary.A hiring manager will be pleased to know that you had the presence of mind to condense information that is easy-to-read rather than glorify your achievements. It’s also good practice to keep your resume short and simple without adding any fancy terms to them.Another advantage to using keywords is many companies employ resume bots to track CVs on the internet.Once about 70% of the keywords from your resume match the job description, the algorithm proceeds to send you a job interview invitation.In this way, you can create job opportunities just by fine-tuning your resume. You could use Jobscan to check if you’re resume is up to the market standards.3. Research Professionals with the same Skillset as YoursTo get a basic idea on how to construct a resume, you need to take the initiative and visit people’s LinkedIn pages and check their resume out. You will begin to see what your resume has been missing out and what you need to eliminate.Listed below are various resume samples of different sectors to give you a fair idea on what your resume should look like.Healthcare Resume Sa mplesBanking FinanceEngineeringScience ResearchRetail WholesaleHuman ResourcesHospitality TourismBy researching other professional CVs, you can understand the kind of abilities you need to demonstrate to get employers to contact you.OBSOLETE SKILLS THAT SHOULDN’T BE ADDED TO YOUR RESUMEA study conducted by CareerBuilder reveals that over 77% of Human Resource managers have managed to spot a lie on a candidate’s resume.The research also finds candidates who embellish their resumes with fancy terms and jargons usually end up getting rejected without a second’s thought.The above study makes one factor certain â€" there is absolutely no need to dress your resume with exaggerating terms that serve no purpose to the job description.Here are some of the skills that you should never include in your resume.Overused KeywordsPassionate, creative, experienced, certified, excellent, etc. are some of the most overused terms in candidate resumes that turn off hiring managers.Eliminate su ch buzzwords and keep your resume sounding professional, you don’t need to present yourself as a winner, your expertise and achievements are more than enough information for your manager to make that call.Ablog by LinkedIn demonstrates the top 10 buzzwords used on their platform and why they play no role in communicating the actual skillset of the candidate.The reason most candidates utilize these buzzwords is to seem knowledgeable to the recruiter.Many candidates feel that if their resume is filled with buzzwords, their resume will start to look fuller rather than empty.Unfortunately, a hiring manager doesn’t care for these luxury phrases and is only glancing through your resume to pick up relevant information.By filling it with buzzwords, you are only making the process of reading your resume a difficult one for your interviewer. Thus, you are more than likely to lose the interest of your interviewer and in the process â€" your chances at landing the job as well.Skills that Yo u’re Expected to KnowThere are a set of general skills that the hiring manager would not like to see on your resume and would prefer you to know them without having to validate your expertise. Such skills include â€"Microsoft Word/Excel/Office KnowledgeTyping-based skillsBasic knowledge on PresentationsAbility to make statistics for your job roleCropping and resizing picturesKnowledge of basic office equipment such as printers, Xerox machines, scanners, etc.Another important aspect is to never include skills that play no role in your current job description. For example â€" if you’re great at carpentry and you’re applying for a role in graphic designing, don’t include expertise involving carpentry. Even if you feel proud of yourself for knowing a lot of talents, you need to keep such information away from your resume. You can proceed to talk about your other talents in a face-to-face interview, so your interviewer understands you.A STEP-BY-STEP METHOD TO ACCURATELY MATCH YOU R SKILLSETS TO YOUR PREFERRED JOB DESCRIPTIONHow do you choose which skills to put on your resume if you’ve got a long list?To ensure you pick out the right work-related skills, you first need to understand the category your job descriptions fall under. Here’s a method you could use to find out what relevant skills the employer is looking out for â€"Step 1.Head over to the job description posting and take notice of all the keywords listed under the job qualifications or job description section. Now open the job description letter in an image editing software such as Paint or Irfan View.Step 2.In the job description, underline every term that resonates with your skillset such as public-speaking skills, software developer, computer programmer, etc.You could underline technical skills with a red font and underline soft skills with a blue font.This allows you to decipher skills in a convenient manner.Step 3.Now that you have an idea of what the job demands of you, you can construct your profile based on these terms and add relevant skillsets to your resume. This way the employer sees everything that he wishes from his ideal candidate.Step 4.Don’t forget to add your transferable skills, this is to ensure that you get the job in case the recruiter has a hard time deciding between you and another candidate.Step 5.Once you’ve prepared the resume according to the job descriptions requirements, you are now in a great position than when you started to gain the attention of your hiring manager. Most of your skills match their job description and you’ve got transferable skills to boot. All that matters is to ace the face-to-face interview session.Ruby Resumes demonstrates how to tailor your resume to match with your job description in this informative video guide. CONCLUSION: KEY TAKEAWAYSkills that put an exceptional value on your resume need to be tailored to fit the job description for the position you’re interviewing for.While technical knowledge is an impo rtant aspect, in modern times, transferable skills are more valued due to the adaptability that connects the employee to the company.It’s important to be as flexible as you can and disperse key skills all throughout your resume to ensure your employer is hooked with interest in knowing about you.Good Luck!

How to Handle College Long Distance Relationships

You may have left your girlfriend or boyfriend back in your hometown while you went off to school. You both may have left your hometown to attend school in completely different parts of the country. You may even attend the same school, but one of you is studying abroad this semester. Whatever the situation, maintaining a long-distance relationship while in school can be quite a challenge. There are, however, some things you can do to make the experience a little easier for both of you (and your hearts!). Use Technology to Your Advantage There are countless ways to use technology to keep in touch with someone, which you were no doubt using before you arrived on campus. Text messaging, IM-ing, sending cell phone pictures, talking on the phone, sending emails, and using your videocam are only some of the ways you can help stay (and feel!) connected to your far-away partner. Make times with each other to meet up online, and view it like a date. Dont be late, dont forget, and try not to cancel. Try to Send Old-Fashioned Mail As simple as it may seem, getting a card, gift, or care package in the mail always brightens someones day. For partners who are separated by long distances, these little gestures and mementos can provide a physical connection of sorts. And besides, who doesnt like getting a cute card or cookies in the mail?! Make Sure to Visit It may be hard -- financially, logistically -- but visiting a partner who is away at school can be really important to maintaining your relationship. You can meet his or her new friends, see where he or she lives, take a tour of the campus, and just get a general feel for your partners new life. Plus, when you both are back at your regular places, you can picture more about your partners life when youre talking on the phone or chatting over the internet. Despite the distance, visiting also demonstrates your interest and commitment to your partner (and might be a great Spring Break idea). Pay Attention to the Details You may not want to spend the limited time you have with your partner talking about the details of your life, but these are often the most important things. Hearing about your weird Biology lab partner, the English professor you love, and how you cant get enough of the dining hall waffles are the things that make you you. Your partner will want to hear all about the details of your new life. So settle in for a long conversation about the things that seem most ridiculous, but that may just end up being the things that keep you together during your time away at school.

Celebrating Womens History Month Ideas

The United States celebrates Womens History Month in March and the entire world commemorates International Womens Day on the 8th of the month. These celebrations provide perfect opportunities to honor the women in your life, learn about the remarkable female leaders throughout history, and share the importance of women in society with younger generations of boys and girls. Here are some ideas for how to celebrate.   Biographies Do you have a daughter, niece, granddaughter, or another girl in your life? Give her a biography of a woman who accomplished important goals in her life. If you can match the woman to the girls interests, all the better. (If you dont know her interests, celebrate the month by getting to know them.) Do the same for a son, nephew, grandson, or other boy or young man in your life. Boys need to read about women of accomplishment too! Dont do a hard sell, though. Most boys will read about women—fictional or real—if you dont make it a big deal. The earlier you start, of course, the better. If he just wont take to a book about a woman, then pick a biography of a man who supported womens rights. The Library More on books: donate to your local public or school library enough money to buy a book, and direct them to pick one focused on womens history. Spread the Word Casually drop into conversation, a few times this month, something about a woman you admire. If you need some ideas or more information first, use our Womens History Guide to search for ideas. Print out copies of the Proclamation of Womens History Month and post it on a public bulletin board at your school, office, or even the grocery store. Write a Letter Buy some stamps commemorating notable women, and then send a couple of those letters youve been meaning to write to old friends. Or new ones. Get Involved Look for an organization that works in the present for an issue that you think is important. Dont just be a paper member—commemorate all the women whove helped make the world better by becoming one of them. Travel Plan a trip to a site honoring womens history. Do It Again Think ahead to next years Womens History Month. Plan to offer an article to your organizations newsletter, volunteer to initiate a project, or plan ahead to give a speech at your organizations March meeting.

Inclusion Is Thought To Be A Complex Education Essay Free Essays

In general, inclusion of kids with particular educational demands in mainstream schools is an of import issue and all European states now have statute laws promoting inclusive educational scenes. ( Evans A ; Lunt, 2002 ) . Even though inclusion has obtained assorted significances throughout the old ages, since the debut of the term in Warnock Report ( 1978 ) but besides through many Codes of Practice, the significance of effectual inclusion is still unclarified. We will write a custom essay sample on Inclusion Is Thought To Be A Complex Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Nind A ; Wearmouth,2006 ) . So, it seems necessary, harmonizing to Unicef ( 2012 ) , to know apart inclusion from two other footings. First, segregation in which students are distributed to particular schools harmonizing to their damage. Second, from integrating in which pupils can be placed in mainstream schools but in separate, particular demands ‘ schoolrooms and be portion of this educational seeting every bit long as they adapt to its environment. Nevertheless, inclusion has a more embracing significance as it proposes the suspension of all boundaries and a common assimilation of societal, cultural, curricular individuality of the kid but besides of the whole system. ( Nowich,2008 ; G, Richards et Armstrong 2011 ) . UNESCO refers this assimilation by stressing the duty of the society to offer instruction to everybody and by specifying that inclusion as a â€Å" procedure of increasing engagement in acquisition, civilizations and communities and cut downing exclusion w ithin and from instruction † ( Unicef 2012,4p ) . This combination of increasing entree and besides of extinguishing exclusions led Booth ( 2003 ) to believe inclusion as an eternal process. However, it is something more than puting all kids, including those with SEN, in the same setting.It is, in contrast to integrating, the version of school to childrens ‘ demands. ( Heat et al. 2004 ) . However, it is non easy to comprehend the term of inclusion in theory but besides in practice.That is why Giddens ( 1994 ) refers to an â€Å" Utopian pragmatism † that many desire but few truly believe it can go on ( Croll A ; Moses, 2000 ) while Slee ( 2004 ) metaphorically says that inclusion has become â€Å" jet lagged † in order to exemplify the assortment of definitions existed for inclusion throughout the years.Indeed, inclusion is hard to be understood and identified because of its diverseness and the deficiency of a planetary significance as in many states it is confused with integrating ( Armstrong,2005 ) . What is of import to comprehend is that we should see inclusion in a wider context in order to accomplish it.This agencies that if the purpose of extinguishing unintegrated instruction is successful, it is merely because society believes in inclusion and topographic points accent on persons ‘ rights and non on their acquisition troubles ( Thomas, 1997 ) . So, it is a affair of handling all kids every bit and non merely in the same manner ( Wedell, 2008 ) . This can be managed through a transmutation in the whole society and its rules and afterwards in every smaller context such as the educational 1†¦ . On the other manus, SEBD is besides considered a obscure term and hard to be understood because of deficiency of lucidity and the diverseness of their features. Consequently, inclusion of kids who are labelled as holding SEBD raises many treatments throughout the old ages. ( Cole A ; Knowles 2011 ) .Nevertheless, it was non until 1981 through the Education Act that emotional and behavioral troubles ( EBD ) as a term was introduced and accepted for the first time.The old Educational Act ( 1944 ) had instigated the term â€Å" maladjusted † by doing a more medical attack of these troubles whereas in the 19th century, these students were confused with delinquents or â€Å" mental defectives † . ( Cole A ; Knowles 30p. ) However, despite the abolition of †maladjusted kids † as a definition, the Education Act continued to advance integrating and non the inclusion of people with particular demands in general†¦ ..Besides, this advancement from covering these pupils as being maladjusted or holding emotional upsets to kids with multiple troubles was besides considerable for switching off from the medical theoretical account and traveling towards the societal 1†¦ †¦ Many research workers argue that there is non a globally accepted definition for kids with emotional and behavioral troubles ( see e.g Benett A ; Aalsvoort, 2005 ) even though many alterations in policy have been made through governmental paperss in order to advance inclusion of these pupils in mainstream schools ( Goodman, 2010 ) . It is used as a â€Å" quasi-official term † that concerns pupils ‘ behavior described as â€Å" riotous † , â€Å" exlcuded † , â€Å" disputing † or â€Å" at hazard † ( Clough, Garner, Pardek, Yuen 2005 p.7 ) . Despite the vagueness and the multiple definitions existed, there have been many governmental alterations that increase the opportunities for pupils with SEN such as those characterised as holding SEBD to be portion of mainstream instruction. ( Goodman A ; Burton 2010 ) . For case, SEN Code of Practice explains SEBD as: â€Å" a acquisition trouble where kids and immature people demonstrate characteristics of emotional and behavioral troubles such as: being withdrawn or isolated, interrupting and disrupted ; being overactive and deficient concentration ; holding immature societal accomplishments ; or showing disputing behavior originating from other complex particular demands † ( DCSF 2008, paragraph 49 ) . Indeed, it is an imprecise term, as Goodman and Burton note, that is connected with many different behaviors, internalizing and projecting but besides with other troubles such as the job in acquisition or the hyperactivity. However, one of the most of import issues that might be raised is how teaching and inclusion can be effectual when the significance of umbrella footings such as SEN or SEBD have so many premises. ( Campbell 2002 ) .Furthermore, contemplations should be made about how to gain the purposes of inclusion and why all these barriers for its accomplishment exist.Is it appropriate to speak about a spread between theory and pattern? Jull ( 2009 ) summarises that inclusion of kids with SEBD faces many jobs in execution because of deficiency of educational and administrative administration but besides because of the behavior itself of pupils as the chief trouble to accomplish inclusion.Indeed, kids with SEBD are at great hazard of being excluded ( DfeS, 2004 ) as their antis ocial behavior is thought to be a great challenge ( White Paper 2010 ; Green Paper, 2007 ) . The troubles briefly outlined above high spot the complexness of inclusion of kids identified as holding SEBD in UK context as there is a scope of issues, challenges and quandary being raised. As a consequence, after analyzing these barriers, I will propose possible ways frontward to get the better of them. Furthermore, I will reason that despite the jobs and contemplations, inclusion can be achieved but in order to be effectual, a whole transmutation must be occurred in society and educational scenes. Therefore, I will do connexions to my ain personal experience in Greece as a six months volunteer instructor of handicraft and linguistic communication to striplings and grownups with high-functioning autism and Down syndrome who besides faced emotional and behavioral diificulties. How to cite Inclusion Is Thought To Be A Complex Education Essay, Essay examples

Esta es mi ciudad. (This is my city) free essay sample

â€Å"†¦esta es mi ciudad, [Guerrero] ya se quedo atras. Parece que el tiempo pasa y mi otra vida quedo lejos†¦Y si esta es mi ciudad, [entonces es] cuna de mis suenos† Mi Ciudad, La Quinta Estacion I come from a small town in Guerrero, Mexico. It is surrounded by enormous green mountains and you can always be sure you are breathing fresh air. It is one of those towns where people know almost everything about you; where there is no violence, and anyone can feel safe. There are no words to describe the transformation of going from a small town to one of the largest cities in the world, nor are there words for the colossal changes this move brought to my life. What I do know is that no one else has had the same experiences I have had during these past five years. Yes, five years have already passed and I never thought I was going to make it these far. We will write a custom essay sample on Esta es mi ciudad. (This is my city) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom brought me to the United States at the age of twelve. July 16, 2005 was â€Å"the big day.† My mother believed and still believes that the United States holds more opportunities for my brother and me, but I did not want to come here. I was frightened because I was being pushed up against everything that was unknown to me. Although my mother is right about the opportunities and the better quality of life here, living in New York City is like visiting a planet inhabited by strange aliens. There were no green mountains anymore. I was not sure if the air I breathed was fresh. The incessant noise of the ambulances, police, and fire truck sirens was constantly disturbing. I remember how wet my pillows would become due to the tears I cried every night because I could not stand living in this strange city. During the first year, I did go to school every day, but I did not go out to have fun. I did not read or write. I did not watch TV. I did not do anything. I guess the fact that I did not know English was the major reason for my loneliness. I learned new words during this year though: racism and discrimination. I didn’t learn them because of my history class; I learned them through my experience. Unfortunately, the person who taught me these words was a girl. She simply walked up to my table and started saying unknown words (I do not remember what those words were, and I do not want to). She grabbed my milk and did not even drink it. Then the worst event happened: she spit directly in my face. But would I let myself feel down just because of an ignorant girl spitting in my face? I would not. I felt my hot blood going up to the top of my head. I stood up from the lunch table, grabbed a napkin, cleaned myself and sat down. I was not going to go down to her level of ignorance and stupidity. I graduated from middle school and went on to high school. I thought the story was going to be repeated, but luckily for me it was not. These past three years in high school have been the best years of my life. My English has improved, I have many good friends, and I am doing well in all of my classes. Nevertheless, there have been several challenges as well. I work in a Laundromat and I am doing very well on the job. However sometimes, some customers get angry and say nasty things to me when I do not understand them. But I always try to solve the problem by staying calm and not shouting back. I know better than them—I speak two languages, they do not. Now, I am the first one in my family planning to go to college and it is quite scary. However, since my mother believes that the United States offers me more opportunities, then I will take advantage of them. If I had stayed in Mexico, I would have probably stayed the same quiet and inexperienced kid. Coming to New York has taught me how hard life is. And even though I resent the isolation I endured during the first year, I know that my mom was right in bringing me here. I still believe that New York is like a planet inhabited by strange aliens. But this is my city now. Mexico stayed behind, as the opening quote states. My other life is far away in my past. If New York is my city, then it is now the birthplace of all my dreams.

Femme Fatale Concept

Introduction The concept of femme fatale refers to a woman who is dangerous because of her alluring tendencies. Artists have strived and depicted such tendencies of women in their artworks. The duality of femme fatale and Primitivism presents different meanings based on the work of art.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Femme Fatale Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The essay focuses on the three paintings by Matisse, Gauguin, and Kirchner in order to demonstrate how these pieces of artworks have captured femme fatale as savage and Primitivism styles in the paintings. What is the femme fatale? Painters have always depicted women subjects in their artworks. However, the portrayals have different meanings based on time, painters’ intentions, and events of the society among others. For instance, some artists have depicted women as the epitome of purity, motherhood, and elegance. Female paintings have reflected the feminine qualities of women. The most common women paintings of the past were mainly Venus and Madonna. According to Allen, paintings often reflected women within the domestic sphere and in the state of servitude (Allen 191). Thus, such fixed forms of the environment or subjection often separated feminine and masculine depictions. Artists did not portray independent women, or they never depicted women in a masculine environment. For a while, artists held that view as they became creative, but often retained their social attitudes toward women in society (Allen). However, women experienced significant changes in their lives during the 19th century. These changes strived to show the need for independence and desire to make their decisions and choices. They wanted to escape from the patriarchal society under the influence of men.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the 1860s, people realized that there were significant changes in Europe as women attempted to escape from maternity as they advocated for new ways of family planning (Allen 194). Consequently, the desire for independence among women gained the attention of painters. They introduced the movement of femme fatale in the world of arts (Chu 67). Femme fatale depicted women in the most alluring and dangerous manner with regard to their postures, pose, position, costumes, and the environment. This movement resulted in a ‘backlash’ among women who viewed their fantasies and fears in paintings. In addition, the paintings depicted attitudes of men towards women. Allen noted that dangerous women had strong senses of fantasies and fascination than women of purity, virtue, and grace. However, as women depicted their sexuality as their major weapon, their purity faded. As a result, painters and society began to see women as people who could tease and bargain based on the power of their sexuality (Kingsbury 97). Women who did not possess strong and alluring sexual features could not meet the ideal standards of femme fatale. Women who deviated from the norm received backlashes from the society because they strived for androgynous qualities (this is prominent in Henri Matisse’s Blue Nude, 1907). In fact, the society became repulsive, scornful, disapproving, and condemned women who deviated from traditions of conventional women (Allen 190). This was a sign of women rebellion against the ideal standards of the 19th century.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Femme Fatale Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various forms of literary works have captured different manners in which women rebelled against the conventional traditions. Consequently, rebellions of women to express their sexuality and thrust themselves in the male dominated areas have contributed to thei r depiction as sexual objects. Thus, artists depicted women as seductive and could ensnare their prey through seductive charms and lead them to dangerous situations. Contrary to femme fatale, there was also the concept of Primitivism. What is Primitivism? Painters also captured women through the style of Primitivism, but people feared that it could erode the well-established styles of art. The society regarded Primitivism as a backward style and not westernized. Artists started to crave for new ways of presenting their pieces of artworks. They looked beyond European borders for fresh inspiration from other cultures. They focused on Pacific Islands, Africa, Asia, and other places where civilization had not reached. Primitivism also reflected concepts like connection with nature, savage exoticism, uncivilized women, peasants, and the tribal nudity. The term primitive depicts people with low education, uncivilized, and untamed in manners. The term has a negative connotation as it shows people who lack refinement from civilization. Rhodes notes that such twists in Primitivism have raised significant points in modern forms of artworks based on specific primitive styles (Rhodes 13).Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some research has shown that the idea of Primitivism emerged as an attempt to remove arts from the complex approach of the civilized world and restore the fundamental ideals and feelings in arts (Rhodes 130). Painters have captured Primitivism by using abstract concepts, curved, simple, and dark lines in their works. The style is simple and may resemble simple graphics of children’s art. The primitive aspects of children’s art reflect the development and transition of artworks in various stages. However, arts may represent the whole of concept of primitiveness in a culture rather than a transitory phenomenon (Rhodes 17). The style may lack rules or defined boundaries. This freedom in expression attracted the attention of many artists. Artists wanted to explore the lives of uncomplicated individuals like peasants and tribal groups. In this context, primitive arts presented such opportunities as artists expected to discover missing qualities in pieces of arts (Rhodes 107 ). Rhodes notes that not much research exists in the primitive forms of artworks as they lack precise dates of production. As a result, most writers have linked such artworks to savage and tribal groups with childlike expressions (Rhodes 18). In this style, the subject of the art is not important, but rather it is the style that artists have shown interest in understanding. Modern artists and Expressionists have also shown their interests in Primitivism. Artists noted that Primitivism allowed them to release their inner savage and express it in arts. In France and Germany, artists like Picasso and Briicke did not concentrate in Art Nouveau. Instead, they sought for primitive qualities in African arts. These artists believed that African arts could provide â€Å"the intuitive and expressionist creative methods† (Rhodes 107) they sought. Expressionism portrays emotions and feelings just like Primitivism. Artists can express their inner feelings through Expressionism. Primitivis m shows the desire to connect with the nature and the inner savage or uncivilized part of the artist. Therefore, these styles complement each other. Henri Matisse is a â€Å"French artist and a proponent of Fauvism, who derived his insight from North Africa† (Allen 15). Still life and nudity dominated most pieces of Matisse’s artworks. Matisse used palm trees and ocean in order to evoke a primitive fantasy in his artworks with elements of African crafts. Matisse used simple forms of arts with bright colors to explore his idea of Fauvism because he viewed the concept as ‘wild’. This helped Matisse to explore the inner primitive as he adopted Primitivism style. The Blue Nude, 1907 of Matisse reflects the concept of femme fatale. The subject is in a relaxed environment. The subject looks relaxed and comfortable in depicting her competing sexuality and masculine features. For the start, one cannot miss striking masculine features in the subject. The subject ha s big feet. The head is glowing with a mixed beauty, which changes between a young boy with short hair and an oriental girl. Matisse screwed the head on a thick and strong neck. The muscles in the arms, legs, and thighs are clearly masculine, which reflect power and strength that women craved to have. From the zaftig, one can notice the black boulder. The figure has a motherly ass that resembles a rising sun in the morning. Matisse also uses color to portray the androgynous qualities in the subject. For instance, the dark blue and green color could depict masculine elements in the woman. Matisse has portrayed the subject’s eyes with dark strokes of the brush. There is no doubt that the woman is in control of her sexuality. The subject has used her huge hips to cover her private parts. The position of the head shows that the woman does not care about what goes on in her surroundings. The subject depicts freedom in untamed surrounding and looks comfortable. Matisse depicts Prim itivism in the Blue Nude. He achieves Primitivism style through childlike colors in the painting. He carefully applies deep blue shades throughout the painting. The painting gets light from different sources. Matisse does not use shades of colors on the arms and legs. Instead, he uses pure colors in order to establish a light-filled figure on the canvas in his Fauvism style. He achieves contrast by using pure and changed colors on the subject. With androgynous qualities, one may wonder whether the artist had erotic intentions or not. Matisse captures this concept by fusing elements of masculine features (hugeness, tallness, and broadness) into features of a woman and manages to portray a dynamic portrait. Overall, the painting remains colorful and dynamic. The idea of fusing a stark naked woman with androgynous elements achieves perfection that many artists could not. Paul Gauguin was a post Impressionist artist who wanted to explore new ideas. He always strived to establish such co ncepts by looking at the source. Consequently, he was in Tahiti to discover new things. This helped in shaping the concept of Primitivism. He aimed to establish intuitive and expressionist concepts in artworks, which he believed were in African artworks (Rhodes 107). Gauguin’s Two Tahitian Women of 1899 shows a traditional presentation of women. The artist presents strong bodies that come into the light to face the audience in their full erotic beauty. The women do not express any feeling of nervousness or self-consciousness. The woman has an impassive face that does not reject or solicit viewers’ gaze. One can observe full repose and strength in the body. This brings in the dangerous allure of women or femme fatale. In fact, the artist brings in fruits to represent a woman’s body offered to viewers. Further, one can argue that the painting is an act of a male gaze that consumes a woman as a sexual object. Still, viewers may also depict it as positive gesture fr om the woman who lacks a guilty conscience and enjoys the pleasures of the gaze that consumes her body. This idea enthralled and inspired Gauguin. The artist aimed to capture the romantic and primitive idea in the island, but he turned it into a sexualized concept. Gauguin applied the idea of the color theory and painting in his work. Thus, he was able to create a ‘synthetic’ artwork, which could act as a symbol instead of a mere duplication of reality. These women are aware of their beauty and the gaze they attract, but do not shy away from it. Gauguin depicts smooth and attractive bodies with tanned brown shade. The erect breasts show their tenderness to viewers. The woman has strong arms that reflect masculine features. Her hair is neat and thrown back to show an attractive face against bright and dark shades of colors. The bright color of fruits in the tray is as just as inviting as the woman. In the context of Primitivism, one can notice the background colors of gr een and brown shades that depict the sky and elements of sunshine as the source of light. One can also observe the childlike painting in the background with colorful canvas. The most recent activity on the Two Tahitian Women was in 2011. Shelley Esaak noted that a woman attacked the painting and claimed as follows (Esaak 1): â€Å"I feel that Gauguin is evil. He has nudity and is bad for the children. He has two women in the painting and it’s very homosexual. I was trying to remove it. I think it should be burned† (Susan Burns’ explanation for attacking the Two Tahitian Women in 2011). Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was an Expressionist painter from Germany. The artist captures both the concept of femme fatale and Primitivism in the Five Cocottes, 1914. The artist uses the elegance of the dresses of the women to depict femme fatale. Hairstyles show women of high status with seductive faces. The postures reflect masculine positions while hands on the loins may suggest tha t the women could be waiting for another person. This painting lacks a male figure to show that women are in control of their situation. Kirchner captures Primitivism by using dark rigged and rough strokes. The dark black lines depict a sketch of a wheel that shows childlike paintings of modern art (Arnason 21). In contrasting the three works, they have similar concepts, but have different features. Gauguin’s Two Tahitian Women reflects a simple and the natural world of Tahiti that civilization and urban life has not reached, but he ends with the nudity of the Tahitian women and primitive cultures. He used rich colors to thrust femme fatale and captures a beautiful face with firm and bare breasts to titillate male viewers than the other two pieces. Matisse manages to present androgynous qualities in the Blue Nude than other artists. He shows energy and masculinity depicted with childlike strokes on the canvas that reflects a natural environment. The subject is at ease with na ture. The Five Cocottes of Kirchner shows elements of a modern art than other two pieces. The artist applied Primitivism, but it appeared modern. The dresses of the women show sophistication while the wheel could depict an industrialized city. Painters used Primitivism often than femme fatale because the latter could titillate male viewers. On the contrary, Primitivism reflected unspoiled, innocence, and the natural state of subjects. Until now, one can witness the reaction of women against femme fatale (Esaak 1). Women believe that such paintings depict them as pure objects of pleasure for sexual gratification. Works Cited Allen, Virginia. The Femme Fatale: Erotic Icon. New York: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1983. Print. Arnason, Harvard. History of Modern Art: Painting Sculpture Architecture Photography, 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2013. Print. Chu, Petra-ten Doesschate. Nineteenth- Century European Art, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2006. Print. Esaak, Shelley. Ga uguin Sets Longevity Record for Driving Women Mad. 2011. Web. Kingsbury, Martha. The Femme Fatale and Her Sisters: Woman as Sex Object – Studies in Erotic Art, 1730-1970. United States: Newsweek, Inc., 1972. Print. Rhodes, Colin. Primitivism and Modern Art. New York: Thames Hudson, 1994. Print. This research paper on Femme Fatale Concept was written and submitted by user Santiago Stein to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Italian Preposition Da - Preposition Da in Italian

Italian Preposition Da - Preposition Da in Italian In its simplest form, the Italian preposition da means from in English. It’s used in time expressions, in which case you may translate it as since or for. Here are the most common ways to use â€Å"da† in Italian. Common Ways to Use â€Å"Da† 1) To indicate an an action that began in the past and is still going on in the present. You would use the construction of present tense da time. Da quanto tempo leggi questa rivista? - How long have you been reading this magazine?Leggo questa rivista da molto tempo. - Ive been reading this magazine for a long time. 2) To express the equivalent of the English phrase at the house of: Vado da mio fratello. - Im going to my brothers house.Vado da Filippo. - Im going to Filippos house.Andiamo dai signori Rossi. - Were going to the Rossis house.Arrivo subito da te. - I’ll be right over to your place. 3) To indicate origin or source Vengo da Torino. - I come from Torino.Vengo dalla Francia. - I come from France.È tornato dalle vacanze. - He’s back from vacation.È tornato dagli zii. - He’s back from his aunt and uncles house. This also occurs In surnames: Francesca da Rimini; Leonardo da Vinci In correlation with the prepositions a and : si à ¨ trasferito da Roma a Firenze (movement); cadere dalla padella nella brace (figurative) 4) To indicate the worth or price of something: Voglio un francobollo da cento lire. - I want a 100 lire stamp.È una casa da poco prezzo. - Its a house of little worth.Unautomobile da dieci milioni - A ten thousand million dollar car 5) To indicate a location, place (stato in luogo) Ti aspetto dallavvocato. - I’ll wait for you at the lawyer’s office. 6) To indicate cause, reason (causa) Piangeva dalla gioia - To cry from joy 7) To indicate time Non lo vedo da molti anni. - I haven’t seen him in years. In correlation with the preposition a: lavorare dalla mattina alla sera - to work from the morning until the evening Other Ways to Use â€Å"Da† Here are some other ways to use â€Å"Da† 1) To indicate movement through a particular point (moto per luogo): Sono fuggiti dalluscita di servizio. - They escaped through the service exit. 2) To indicate separation (separazione, allontanamento): I Pirenei dividono la Spagna dalla Francia. - The Pyrenees divide Spain from France.Non riesce a staccarsi da quegli amici. - They can’t get away from those friends. 3) To indicate means, method (mezzo): Giudico le persone dai fatti, non dalle chiacchiere. - I judge people from facts, not from gossip. 4) To indicate purpose, ending (fine): Carte da gioco - Playing cardsSala da pranzo - LunchroomSpazzolino da denti - ToothbrushAbito da sera - Evening dress 5) To indicate an attribute (qualit): Una ragazza dagli occhi azzurri - A girl with blue eyesUn uomo dal cuore doro - A man with a heart of gold 6) To indicate a way, matter, mode (modo): Agire da galantuomo - To act like a gentlemanTrattare da amico - To treat as a friend 8) As a predicative (predicativo): Fare da padre - To act as a fatherFungere da presidente - To serve as president â€Å"Da† With Infinitives Followed by a verb in the infinitive, the preposition da introduces the following clauses:  » consecutive clause (proposizione consecutiva): Ho (una) fame da morire. - I’m starving.Fa (un) caldo da impazzire. - It’s so hot!  » final clause (proposizione finale): Dammi un libro da leggere. - Give me a book to read.Che cosa vuoi da bere? - What do you want to drink? Phrases Using â€Å"Da† The Italian preposition da is used to form prepositional and adverbial phrases, such as: Da parte di - A part ofFuori da - Outside ofDi qua da - Further on from/This side ofDi l da - On the other side of/BeyondDa vicino - Close/CloselyDa lontano - From afar/From far awayDa capo - Start over (from the top)/Start anewDa parte (from somebody) -  Of youDa parte (to save something) - (Put) AsideDa meno - For less...Dappertutto - Everywhere Prepositional Articles With Da When followed by a definite article, da is combined with the article to give the following combined forms known as prepositional articles (preposizioni articolate: Le Preposizioni Articolate Con Da PREPOSIZONE ARTICOLO PREPOSIZIONI DETERMINATIVO ARTICOLATE da il dal da lo dallo da l' dall' da i dai da gli dagli da la dalla da le dalle

Strategic Analysis and Selection of Information Systems Essay

Strategic Analysis and Selection of Information Systems - Essay Example For the purpose of this assignment, two articles will be reviewed for inclusion into the essay. The first is Collaborative Computing and True Enterprise Architecture is Still Two Years Away, by Worthen and the second is B2B: Execution of the Concept is Key to Success by M. Sawhney. The purpose of this assignment is to explain the relationship between business strategy in IT strategy, determine any problems that occurred with strategy formulation, determine if there were problems with strategy implementation, and determine if there were problems with the strategic process. In order to fully understand the concepts presented in this assignment, it is first essential to know the definition of the words that will be discussed herein. Strategy can be defined as "a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, most often "winning". Strategy is differentiated from tactics or immediate actions with resources at hand by its nature of being extensively premeditated, and often practically rehearsed. Strategies are used to make the problem or problems easier to understand and solve" (Wikipedia, 2008). Strategy formulation then can be defined as "the process of determining appropriate courses of action for achieving organizational objectives and thereby accomplishing organizational purpose" (Kotelnikov, 2008). Strategic processes are made up of macro processes within an organization. "All organizational work is part of one or more processes. At their very broadest, macro processes can span an entire organization and cut across all major function s or departments. Examples of macro processes include the design and development of new products/services; producing products or delivering services; product order or service request fulfillment; invoicing/accounting, and collecting money; inventory management and logistics; information management; admitting, discharging, and transferring patients; or generating leads and making sales" (Clemmer 2008). Article 1 B2B: Execution of the Concept is Key to Success, by Mohanbir Sawhney Problems with Strategy Formulation When forming their strategy, "Their logic seemed elegant: create marketplaces that would match buyers and sellers, bringing improved liquidity, efficiency and transparency to B2B transactions, and make money through transaction fees from the trades, Once the buyers and sellers were on board to conduct transactions, the exchanges could augment that core functionality with value-added services such as logistics management, credit and settlement, and supplier verification" (Sawhney, 2002, p. 1). Yet, the B2B boom that was supposed to happen did not. This happened when investors started to question the business model upon with the new B2B concept was based. In other words, it was not the strategy formulation that was the problem; it was the strategy implementation. Problems with Strategy Implementation The article says itself, "One might conclude from the evidence that the idea of a B2B exchange is fundamentally flawed. However, it's not the concept of the exchange that is flawed but the execution of that concept" (Sawhney, 2002, p. 1). The article cites the chicken-and-the-egg concept as the reason for the failure of the B2B concept; i.e. it is hard to get buyers without suppliers and it is hard to get

Proposal writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal writing - Essay Example This movie Rain Man depicts Raymond as a high-functioning autistic person from which nothing much is expected; living among so many other people with disabilities who expected much from him. Raymond’s doctors and other friends used to look at him as a person who was always in his world and one who was not able to establish a relationship. Throughout the movie also, Raymond is seen to contribute a lot towards his brother’s character and behavioural change. For the reason of depicting Raymond as one individual from whom nothing is expected, I am convinced to think that this movie portrays disabled people in a negative way (Lee 883-900). Nevertheless, Raymond is honesty and caring; he can remember some dates and addresses and knows many truths about baseball. Moreover, Raymond is shown to have the capabilities of tackling difficult sums in his head and a great ability to count cards. However, despite such nice characters and mental power from a person with autism the movie still shows that his ability and character is being taken advantage of and therefore the movie continues to portray disabled people in a negative way. Raymond is also very good in self-advocacy since he succeeded in explaining to his brother that he did not want to fly and hence they drove. Since Raymond was re-united with his brother through social character, it is unfair for the movie to depict him as an antisocial person who can’t make a relationship. He shows lots of care to his brother through counting cards for him and helping him financially without questioning. For all these reasons therefore, Raymond according to me does not deserve to have been depicted in a manner likely to suggest that he is useless and cannot contribute to the society (Lee 883-900). The reason why I decided to come up with this adaptation is that so many people currently are finding pleasure in watching movies and it is likely that the negative depiction of the disabled character in

Negative Impact of Uneducated Women in Third World Countries

Negative Impact of Uneducated Women in Third World Countries Armed and Educated: Negative Impacts of Uneducated Women in Third World Countries as seen in Malala Yousafzais Memoir, I Am Malala As the Western society continues to progress, it is becoming increasingly evident that the barriers that once restricted and defied millions of women around the world, are slowly being deconstructed and reconstructed as society begins to change its views on gender parity and feminism. This is not only reflected in womens new roles and jobs within the Western society, but also in politics as women are now able to run and vote. On the other hand, despite the progress, millions of girls in non-Western developing areas such as South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, still continue to suffer severe disadvantages as they are often subjugated by men and stripped of their basic human rights. One of these basic rights includes the right to an education, yet, most girls in non-Western societies are excluded from the education systems throughout their lives. This is a huge problem as the lack of education is what is creating the barrier that prevents women from obtaining equality in society. Recent research and evidence has shown that education is one of the most critical areas of empowerment for a girl, overall leading to a healthier and more productive life. However, since their rights are taken away from birth, they lose the right to learn, grow, and succeed in life. In her memoir I Am Malala, Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, accurately depicts the struggles and negative impact of uneducated women in third world countries. There are many factors that contribute to a developing nations extremely low female literacy rate. One of the primary reasons for this is the lack of proper schooling facilities, qualified teachers, and/or teaching aids such as textbooks. This is especially true for girls living in more remote areas of the country. Additionally, in many parts of the developing world, the nearest school to a community might be a four to five-hour long walk. Apart from it being exhausting and time consuming, girls also face the threat of violence or sexual assault on the way to school. Thus, many parents opt to keep their daughters at home. According to UNESCOs regional overview on sub-Saharan Africa in 2013, more than 68% of the girls that do make the long journey to school everyday end up dropping out before they complete primary school (Stepp). Malala further supports this as she witnesses most of the children in refugee settlements were not going to school. Sometimes there was no school. Sometimes it was unsafe to walk to school. And sometimes children were working instead of being educated (Yousafzai XIX). Furthermore, another main reason why many families in developing countries choose not to educate their daughters is because they cannot afford it as there are a lot of costs associated with it. The cost of uniforms, textbooks, and schooling facilities can be too much to bear for a family living in poverty. For the families that can afford it however, boys are often favored to receive an education over girls. This is especially evident during Malalas trip to Nigeria when she discovers that many girls were [her] age and all had dreams of being doctors or teachers or scientistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but only 4 percent of girls in Northern Nigeria finish school (Yousafzai XVIII). Lastly, another reason for the lack of female education in developing countries is the cultural beliefs and gender norms of the society. In the male-dominated society, women are typically viewed as nothing m ore than the property of the men. Most cultures believe that a womens sole purpose is to serve the men of the house, do household chores, reproduce and care for the children while the man goes out to provide for the family. Due to these misguided gender norms, many girls do not have the opportunity to attend school because their contributions to the household are valued more than their personal education. These gender norms are extremely prevalent when Malala states that [she] was a girl born in a land where rifles are fired in celebration of a son, while daughters are hidden away behind a curtain, their role in life simply to prepare food and give birth to children (Yousafzai 13). In any case, millions of women in developing nations are unable to receive an education and this has several negative impacts on different aspects of womens lives. The negative effects that uneducated women have on their society include both personal and social factors. For starters, many women that are uneducated are more susceptible to early marriages usually against their will (in some cases girls as young as eight or ten). This results in millions of illiterate young girls without the appropriate tools to build healthy, educated families. The Voices of Youth organization stated that for every year a girl stays in school past fifth grade, her marriage is delayed a year (Madu). Similarly, Malala emphasizes this point when she states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[parents] are just waiting for their daughters to be married off while the sons went to school (Yousafzai 29). This in turn, leads to most girls giving birth at an extremely young age, resulting in a higher mortality rate among young girls during child birth or simply because the child is unhealthy. Studies have shown that an extra year of schooling for girls also reduces fertility rates by 17% (Joshi). Secondly, uneducated women also have a lot of difficulty communicating and expressing themselves at home or in public. Doing simple tasks like reading signs or paying at the grocery store proves to be quite difficult for many young women as they have not had the opportunity to learn how to read. Malala relates a story of a young girl she saw selling oranges. She was scratching marks on a piece of paper with a pencil to account for the oranges she sold, as she could not read or write (Yousafzai 217). Lastly, the lack of educated people in developing countries is what allows educated people to exploit their ignorance. This is especially true of the government or religious leaders that use fear and ignorance to bring themselves to power or to have a huge portion of the population under their control. For example, several times throughout her memoir, Malala states that the lack of education is the root of all of Pakistans problems, and that ignorance allowed politicians to foo l people and bad administrators to be re-elected (Yousafzai 41). The government makes promises and manipulates people to the point where people are convinced that the corrupt authorities are fit to be in power. After elections, however, all the promises that are made are forgotten and the nation suffers for years before another election takes place and the same thing happens all over again. What is worse is using a natural disaster that devastated a nation to preach religious extremes. This is portrayed several times throughout Malalas memoir- after an earthquake struck Pakistan, religious leaders called Mullahs preached the earthquake was a warning from God. They said it was caused by womens freedom and obscenity. If we did not mend our ways and introduce Sharia or Islamic lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ more severe punishments would come (Yousafzai 107). Preaching misinterpreted verses from the Quran and exploiting the ignorance of people who did not understand Arabic worked well to their adva ntage as fear made it particularly easy to manipulate them. As can be seen, the lack of education has severe negative impacts which can easily be prevented if women are educated. Education has so many benefits, but lack thereof blinds people to the fact that knowledge is power and it is one of the most powerful weapons against mass manipulation and exploitation. Education, especially in developing countries, is extremely valuable as it can solve many of the countrys problems. Educating women of the country comes with its own list of benefits, most of which people are ignorant towards. Firstly, it is no secret that poverty and illiteracy go hand in hand. Research has shown that most illiterate women live in countries with increasing economic difficulties and enormous debt burdens (Madu). What citizens of developing countries refuse to acknowledge is that the solution lies in educating their women. When women are educated, it enables them to contribute to their countrys income as more women begin to join the labor force. According to UNICEF, when ten percent more women attend school, GDP increases by three percent on average (UNICEF.org). This may potentially abolish poverty and many of the other problems developing countries are faced with. Secondly, women who are well educated and receive an independent income will naturally find their voice not just in the family, but also within their society. In other words, women gain the self-confidence and courage they need to speak out and resist the injustice they see around them, or are facing themselves. This is directly reflected in Malala herself as she found her own voice growing up in [her] fathers school (Yousafzai 118). Knowledge is addicting and having the luxury of education from an early age left her craving for more, despite the threats of Mullahs and the Taliban. Thus, she continues to advocate for womens right to education. Furthermore, the role that educated mothers play in reducing infant and child mortality is profound. Results in Africa indicate a 40% in child survival for mothers with five years of primary education (Wade). This is because educated women tend to have fewer and healthier children. In addition to this, when women are educated, they are more likely to ensure that their children are also educated leading to a future generation that is well equipp ed to contribute to society. It is rightly said that investing in a girls education is investing in a nation. In fact, there is an African proverb that says, If we educate a boy, we educate one person. If we educate a girl, we educate a family- and a whole nation (Stepp). To conclude, education not only removes ignorance, but allows for women to unleash their full potential by becoming conscious, skilled and productive citizens. All in all, it is proven that educating women in developing countries is the solution to reducing the issue of gender parity as well as enabling womens full potential, while simultaneously boosting their developing nations economy. The proof lies not only in Malala Yousafzais memoir, I Am Malala, which accurately represents the struggles of uneducated women in developing countries, but also in the statistics that show the negative impacts of uneducated women as well as the benefits of education.   Educated women obtain the knowledge, skills, and self-confidence that they need to lead healthier, more productive lives while raising the standards of living for their families and communities. It is hard to believe that the solution lies in half the worlds population, yet so many leaders are oblivious to it or are refusing to change their methods. Works Cited Girls education and gender equality. Girls education and gender equality. UNICEF, 23 July 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/education/bege_70640.html. Girls education: A lifeline to development. Girls education: A lifeline to development. UNICEF, 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm. Joshi, Mohit, Essay on Importance of Women Education. Essay on Importance of Women Education~. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT, 1970. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. http://hamroessay.blogspot.ca/2015/06/essay-important-of-women-education.html. Madu, Chima F. Education for Aspiring Young Women. Voices of Youth. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. http://www.voicesofyouth.org/en/posts/why-we-should-support-girls-4. Stepp, Lauren. Top 10 Reasons Why Female Education is Important-TBP. The Borgen Project. UNESCO, 2016. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. http://borgenproject.org/top-10-reasons-female-education-important/. Wade, Sarah. 5 Reasons You Should Care About Girls Education. United Nations Foundation.United Nations Foundation, 8 July 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. http://www.unfoundation.org/blog/5-reasons.html. Yousafzai, Malala. I am Malala: the girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban. New York, NY: Little, Brown, Company, 2013. Print. MLA formatting by http://bibme.org/ Bibliography Girls education and gender equality. Girls education and gender equality. UNICEF, 23 July 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/education/bege_70640.html. Girls Education and Gender Equality. Global Partnership for Education. N.p., Sept. 2015. Web.20 Oct. 2016. http://www.globalpartnership.org/focus-areas/girls-education. Girls education: A lifeline to development. Girls education: A lifeline to development. UNICEF, 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm. Girls Education. Girls Education. The World Bank. n.d. Wev. 16 Dec. 2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/tropic/girlseducation. Joshi, Mohit, Essay on Importance of Women Education. Essay on Importance of Women Education~. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT, 1970. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. http://hamroessay.blogspot.ca/2015/06/essay-important-of-women-education.html. Madu, Chima F. Education for Aspiring Young Women. Voices of Youth. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. http://www.voicesofyouth.org/en/posts/why-we-should-support-girls-4. Oneil, Micheal . Top 10 Facts You Dont Know About Girls Education. ABC News. ABC News Network, 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 7 Dec. 2016. http://abcnews.go.com/International/10-facts-girls-education/story?id=20474260. Roudi-Fahimi, Farzaneh, and Valentine M. Moghadam. Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa.   N.p., 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. http://www.prb.org/Publications/Reports/2003/EmpoweringWomenDevelopingSocietyFemaleEducationintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.aspx Stepp, Lauren. Top 10 Reasons Why Female Education is Important-TBP. The Borgen Project. UNESCO, 2016. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. http://borgenproject.org/top-10-reasons-female-education-important/. The Worlds Women 2010: Trends and Statistics. United Nations Statistics Division Demographic and Social Statistics. United Nations, 12 Feb. 2011. Web. 4 Nov. 2016. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/Executive%20summary.htm. Wade, Sarah. 5 Reasons You Should Care About Girls Education. United Nations Foundation.United Nations Foundation, 8 July 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. http://www.unfoundation.org/blog/5-reasons.html. Yousafzai, Malala, and Christina Lamb. Free, safe, quality education is the right of every girl. The Malala Fund. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016. https://www.malala.org/girls-education. Yousafzai, Malala. I am Malala: the girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban. New York, NY: Little, Brown, Company, 2013. Print.

Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann

Paris in the l9th century was anything but beautiful; the City of Lights was a city of disparity; graceful monuments, historic buildings and slum dwellings, sat side by side. The narrow streets were catch-alls for chamber pots that were emptied into the streets from windows, the sewer system was inadequate, for a city with a million inhabitants, and prompting extremely unhealthy conditions that bred disease and only one out of five households had running water.This statement from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a Genevan philosopher depicts a snapshot picture of Old Paris, â€Å"Entering through the faubourg Saint Marceau, I saw only small, dirty and stinking streets, ugly black houses, an air of filth, poverty, beggars, carters, sewing women, women hawking tisanes and old hats† (British library. ) All of these issues would be â€Å"history† with the city’s modernization done at an unprecedented pace by Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann. Baron Haussmann was born, in Paris, o n March 27th, 1809. He was educated at theCollege Henry IV, studied law, while simultaneously taking classes at the Conservatoire de Paris, because he was a good musician. He diverted from being a lawyer, turning his focus on architecture, becoming a civil engineer and career administrator. Mr. Haussmann was appointed sous-prefet (state representative) of Nerac, a commune of the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France, in l830. He advanced quickly in the civil service venue; in l853 he was appointed the prefet of the Seine Department, (department in France is similar to a county) and remained in that position until l870.During this time period, Baron Haussmann was made senator in l857, grand cross at the Legion d’honneur, a premier order of France, in l862, and a member of the Academy of Fine Arts in l867. (wikipedia) He died on January 11, l891 in Paris, leaving a continuous and evolving legacy. The Baron’s name is preserved on the Boulevard Haussmann and in the very core of the â€Å"City of Lights. † Now that I have given a brief, biographical summary of Mr. Haussmann’s life, here is a detailed look at his accomplishments, historical impact on urbanism and constant influence in today’s society.Emperor Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the last monarch to rule France, wanted to be acknowledged as a great communal engineer. He was partial to helping the poor, working class people of Paris and desperately wanted to shape the city in to a progressive, healthy environment. There was also a safety issue, the Emperor needed to address; it was imperative that he reduce the ability of future revolutionaries to defy the government, by benefiting on the medieval maze of streets to easily form barricades. Devising wider streets for logical maneuvers, would allow battalions and artillery to circulate effortlessly.Napoleon III rightly chose, the best civil engineer in Paris, Baron Haussmann to implement the recons truction of his capital. The Emperor let Haussmann maintain substantial executive power and extensive finances with this project. Ultimately, over a decade and a half he spent 2,115,000,000 francs, the equivalence of 1. 5 billion in today’s currency. Napoleon also protected Haussmann from the myriad of critics, this was fundamental for his success. Paris would undergo a major transformation and people had two different views of Haussmann; one as a man who would demolish â€Å"old† Paris , and the other as a man who would create a â€Å"new†Paris. Haussmanization is what this massive undertaken was dubbed, its actual definition being, â€Å"the creative destruction of something for the betterment of society,â€Å" (wiktionary). The criticism the Baron received was that specific, Parisian’s were troubled by the destruction of buildings, including whole neighborhoods. In they’re opinion, there was no â€Å"betterment,† the wide streets had a diminutive purpose, except for being anti-riot streets, and all Haussmann did for the poor areas was to build encompassing boulevards from which they could be subjugated (British lib.) Another, subject he was disparaged for, was his methods of financing the projects, which included using his connections with realtors. Haussmann would allow them to purchase property along the new boulevards in exchange for an exuberant profit. This issue ignited an intense political controversy and even though the allegation were never proven , it eventually led to the Baron’s dismissal as the prefet, on January 5, l870. Napoleon III had no choice if he was to increase the approval rating of this regime.Parisians who viewed Haussmann’s modernization of Paris as positive, and new he would be providing a much needed service to the city, far out numbered the opposition. Most of the people perceived the streets as they actually were; unsanitary, with garbage and waste left by a faulty sewer system, crowded, damp, shanties covered in mud, and confusing. The narrow streets, with no sidewalks, discouraged prospective customers from going to shops, and during Paris’s recurrent spates of civil disorder, made it easier to form barricades. Haussmannization would deliver a â€Å"new† Paris, a healthy, moreorganized, safer city. Baron Haussmann’s first task was to create a detailed map of Paris, this would be the basis of his work. He then installed wood towers throughout the city, taller than surrounding buildings to serve as triangulation points in the surveying process. This was an advanced engineering process, theory is still use today. Triangulation is finding coordinates and the distance of a point by calculating the length of different sides of a triangle. Devising the towers, for this purpose, was ingenious. The transformation was now underway, using 1500 architects and over 60,000 workers.Paris was deemed the â€Å"largest construction site in th e world,† and would hold that title for two decades (France monthly). Three quarters of the Ile de la Cite, was destroyed to construct a central area for the Palais de Justice, police headquarters and barracks. Ile de la Cite is one of two islands in the Seine River, the other is Ile Saint-Louis, is the center of Paris and where the city was founded (wikipedia). Approximately 15,000 homes were pulled down and the only buildings untouched were; Notre Dame, the Saint-Chapelle, Conciergie and the Palais de Justice.Haussmann’s beautification of Paris, includes the star-shaped Place de l†Etoile, which is a large urban junction with a meeting point of twelve straight avenues, around the Arc de Triomphe, several new parks, gardens and the planting of over 100,000 trees. The Baron admired the large and central London parks, such as the Hyde and Regent Parks, and decided to created two comparable ones, . most notably the Bois de Boulogne, and the Bois de Vincennes. The Bar on built or rebuilt several market, the most famous redesigned market was the Les Halles, the first major building project to use iron-frame construction.This material allowed for improved control of the city’s food supplies and lessening of health hazards (SafariX). Another famous redesign was the Palais Garnier, commonly known as Opera de Paris, and named after its architect, Charles Garnier, who was chosen by the Baron to supervise the project. Mr. Garnier was instructed to build a 2nd theatre for the famous Parisian Opera and Ballet Companies. Legend says that Napoleon III’s wife asked Garnier if it would be built in Greek or Roman style and he replied, â€Å"It is in the Napoleon III style, Madame! â€Å" (msn. Encarta) Haussmann imposed a regulationthat required all new buildings to have a standardized height and design, this gave modern Paris characteristic landscape. Haussmann’s plan continued with organizing the city by numbering districts and houses. Parisian’s lives were made easier with the numeration. Wide, straight, new boulevards with commanding facades, converging at major junctions, marked by monuments, public buildings and points of significance such as city gates or railway stations, were made to facilitated traffic movement, eliminate cramped streets, and provide proficient access for army troops from the provinces to come into the city,if needed. Baron Haussmann’s implemented a railway network, with six new railroads stations, operating outside the city, improving transportation and directly contributing to a flourishing economic environment. The railways contributed to the development of coal mining and the steel industry in France, bringing they’re economy into a contemporary age of large scale free enterprise. The design of the streets combined with the new public transportation allowed Parisians an easy access to the city and its shops, museums, theatre etc., encouraged people to flaunt their new wealth. Probably the most imperative part of the â€Å"modernization† of Paris was the purification and decontamination of their ancient sewer system. A complete renovation was imperative to instill healthy conditions in the city. Haussmann named engineer Eugene Belgrad, Director of Water and Sewers of Paris, who attacked the problem by creating â€Å"sort of a city under the city,† The system harnessed underwater springs, some over 100 kilometers from Paris, then brought fresh, clean water by aqueducts to flush out the waste (France Monthly).The sewer system, although underground, didn’t go unobserved, Haussmann ensured that it became a showpiece, even providing transportation for their viewing, the system, to this day, is considered a tourist attractioin. Baron Haussmann and Napoleon III’s architectural strategy for the modernization of Paris is largely responsible for the city’s present appearance and for the groundwork of current and almos t certainly, future designs. The Baron’s vision of a city came into fruition, making Paris one of the most magnificently beautiful cities, a formidable economic power, with much healthier living conditions.Haussmann still continues to inspire architectural design. One example is the City Beautiful Movement, a progressive reform movement in North American architect, in the1800’s and 1900’s, its primary objective was to revamp poverty-stricken urban environments. â€Å"Haussmannian Revolution,† a term used because, for the first time in history, under an emporer, a single man systematically modernized a city on such a mammoth scope (France Monthly). Work Cited British Library, An Imperial Capital: Baron Haussmann’s Transformation of Pariswww. mapforum. com/15blmap. htm France Monthly, Baron Haussmann, and the Transformation of Paris, 2006 www. francemonthly. com/n/1202/index. php MSN. Encartam, Paris (city, France)-MSN Encarta 2007 http//Encarta. msn . com/encylopedia SafariX, Haussmannization and Ostentation http//www. safarix. com/0131932934/ch15lev1sec2 Wikipedia, Baron Haussman, 2 April 2007 www. widipedia. org/wiki/Baron_Haussmann Wikitionary, Etymology, 8 December 2006 http//en. wikitionary. org

Economic Integration in Latin America: a Reality or a Mith?

Economic Integration in LATAM: A Reality or a Myth Oscar R. Martinez Latin American International Relations 19 March 2013 Integration for Latin American (LATAM) states has been an overarching approach when discussing foreign relations in the western hemisphere. Much of the literature proposed in this class proposes the intentions of LATAM states to integrate at different levels. However, this paper will demonstrate that regional economic integration is formally happening. Yet, it remains weak and inconclusive.Internal bureaucracy and the lack of commitment to these integration efforts overshadow the intentions for economic integration. This paper will examine the different strategic options for economic integration in LATAM, the reason why LATAM states seek for economic integration and most importantly the factors impeding and weakening regional integration in the western hemisphere. This analysis is based on the historical evidence of LATAM states’ behavior and trading trends . To grasp the ongoing economic liberalization policies in LATAM, we must first understand viable strategic options of economic integration for LATAM states.After the Cold War, Latin America faced a prospect of marginalization. The distinctive economic disadvantages to compete in the world economics presented different strategic integration options that could provide the foundation for long-term development and growth. Peter H. Smith proposed four different economic integration options for Latin America at the beginning of the new millennium: unilateral liberalization, joining with the North, extra-hemispheric partnership, and regional integration.These strategic models accentuated the different available options LATAM states could consider in order to the meet political and economic agendas. The first strategic option available is the unilateral liberalization of economic programs to strengthen commercial and financial ties with major power centers. This option allows countries to center on export-led development were internal policies focuses on the diversification of products and partners and continually seek foreign investments from multiple sources. Chile is an example of using this lucrative option.Before Pinochet, Chile exercised protectionist trade policies that suffocated its trading opportunities throughout the globe. Pinochet’s economic reforms resembled this option advocating free trade and allowing Chile to develop commercial ties with Europe, Japan, and the United States without allowing dependence to any single trade partner. Chile has the most signed free trade agreements in South America. The second strategic option is joining economic grounds with the United States. This alternative seems beneficial for LATAM countries because it also integrates them with the world economy.LATAM states understand the current economic position of the United States and its interdependence in the global economy; this assertion could incentivize other coun tries to meet their economic ambitions at a global scale. Countries view this option as an opportunity to integrate with the strongest world’s economy, which will enable them to gain prestige and trading opportunities in the global market. Mexico has followed this option, mostly because of its geographic proximity to the United States, benefitting from the free access to the U.S. market—with NAFTA— and tormenting from its sole dependence. In 2011, nearly 80% of Mexico’s exports were tied to the United States. This can be referred as â€Å"putting most of your eggs in one basket. † Nevertheless, the Mexican economy has significantly grown since NAFTA. The third strategic options is seeking extra-hemispheric partnership. LATAM leaders have the option to develop economic ties with extra-hemispheric trading blocs such as the European Union and the Asian-Pacific Region.LATAM countries to offset the hegemonic position of the United States often use this option. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Venezuela have made remarkable efforts in exercising this option in the past decade. Some countries and/or regional trading blocs see this as a feasible option due to the competition and intense bureaucratic limitations within their own region or subregion. Consequently, this option allows LATAM states to diversify their trading partnership. The fourth and final strategic option is the main focus for this paper.The regional/subregional economic integration option affirms self-reliance. This alternative provides a realistic approach in changing economic configurations of international power. Therefore, we must further examine this option and explain why LATAM insist on integrating their economies. Regional economic integration agreements depend on the motivation, form, coverage and content. It is often that the major actors set the agenda not only with the view of constructing and retaining power at that regional level but also to est ablish global precedents.According to Smith, â€Å"given the diversity of interests and economic structures, Latin American leaders have focused not only on continental unification but on subregional integration—projects for economic cooperation among groups of Latin American countries, rather than for the continent as a whole. † The level of interest in regional integration depends on what cost/benefit (political and economical) analysis in the countries involved. We can argue that Latin America is not homogeneous block, therefore, the different intentions and needs from each country drive regional economic integration at different scales.Nevertheless, LATAM countries insist in integrating their economies for more relevant factors. First, they wanted to keep their market open for trade (market liberalization). After the Cold War, developing countries in the region needed to increase their trade opportunities in order to level the economic blow caused by developed nati ons. Open markets increase economic development among partner countries and enhance interaction and cooperation between states and markets. Economic Integration is also a way to overcome the limitation of small domestic markets.Second, countries want to compete with other regional integration options. Countries that feel limited to an outside regional trading bloc will try to form its own to level the plain field. The Andean Pact (1989) was the first economic integration effort in the western hemisphere. Others followed immediately after this economic block was established: Central American Common Market (CACM—1990), Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR—1991), and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA—1993). LATAM countries were pressured to compete as a bloc instead as single element.Third, common norms and ideals spreading to the region encouraged economic integration between these countries. Former Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez led a common anti-US mo vement to contest different political and economic views. The Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA) formed by President Chavez intended a regional cooperation of many LATAM countries based on the idea of the social, political and economic integration. The Bolivarianism movement is an effort to balance against the Washington consensus and liberal markets sponsored by the US.These type economic integrations have more of a completion of economic, social and political ideals. Diana Tussie articulates, â€Å"Regionalism in Latin America is not just a single tidy entity but has given way to many coexisting and competing projects with fuzzy boundaries. † Regional integration provides a variety of incentives for LATAM countries, however, not everything is as easy as it seems. LATAM effort for regional integration started in 1960 with the Latin American Free trade association (LAFTA), however, this and other regional integration projects failed due to the internal and externa l factor that limited or impeded its success.Numerous internal and external factors impeding effective economic integration continue to weaken these regional efforts. Internal factors such as commodities-based economies and domestic policies influence the commitment and participation to these integration projects. External factors such other attractive international options also weakens the regional economic integration. Regional integration is constantly threatened by these factors and it is more evident in Latin America. Despite of the formal integration, the effectiveness of these regional institutions is directly affected by domestic elements.The first internal factor affecting this regional integration endeavors is the number of commodities-based economies. The commodities for countries are not complimentary with each other. Competition for the open trade in the global market becomes fiercely competitive. Countries will ignore treaties to gain competitive advantage. The â€Å" commodity lottery† or the random allocation of natural resources endowments seems to be an influential factor when deciding trading partners. For example, Brazil and Argentina are both members of MERCOSUR, but both are competing for the right to export their agricultural and energy products outside the region.Tussie reveals this issue by stating that â€Å"regional institutions remain feeble, honoured more in spirit than in letter, and intra-regional relations are frayed with competing development projects. † The second internal factor is domestic policies. This factor impeding the effective economic integration is broken in two different elements: changes in regime and bureaucratic domestic pressures. The constant changes of political regimes affect the stability of a regional institution. Establishments of new political reforms will directly affect economic ambitions set in treaties by previous regimes.An example of General Pinochet economic reform in Chile has isolat ed its regional neighbors. The drastic withdrawal of Chile from the Andean Pact and the sway of neo-liberalism generated major economic crises, antagonism to region-wide industrial planning, and a backlog of non-compliance decisions in the region. Hugo Chavez in Venezuela has also stirred the pot on the new endeavors for MERCOSUR, making this trading bloc more of a political instrument rather than an economic integration system. Other domestic pressures come from the legislative institutions blocking and making these trading initiatives almost impossible to achieve.The bureaucratic process to ratify new or change current treaties—in particular Free Trade Agreements—seems to discourage any further economic integrations. Countries such as Colombia, Chile, Costa Rica would rather sign unilateral treaties than entering into a regional bloc. The final factor affecting the economic integration in Latin America is the recognition of a more attractive option outside their regi on to integrate their economies. Research shows that less than 28 percent of the overall trade in in Latin America is intra-regional.This means that economic institutions in Latin America do not take advantage or effectively use their regional partners for trade. For most of the LATAM countries, their top five trading partners include the United States, China, and the European Union. Again, the â€Å"commodity lottery† plays a huge role in the influence of why these countries prefer other international states for economic integration. The United States is the most important trading partner for most of the LATAM countries. The economies of many of these LATAM countries depend on the import and export with the United States.Their economic dependence influences some regional decisions. Nevertheless, these economic decisions could be used to balance against the United State, even though; this could also hurt their own economy. For example, Venezuela’s largest trading partn er is the United States. Yet, Venezuela’s domestic and regional economic policies continue to challenge those economic practices it depends the most on. Another huge external factor is the emergence of China and its economic influence in Latin America. LATAM countries see China as a potential alternative from the northern hegemony.Also, China’s manufacturing industry is highly competitive from those in Latin America. Many countries would prefer cheaper Chinese manufactured good than a more expensive one from their regional partners. China indeed affected the regional integration in Latin America. As expressed by Tussie, referring to regional economic institutions, â€Å"it has as an ‘epic’ status as a preferred tool for promoting social rather than mere market goals. † Historically, regional integration has always been part of the LATAM culture. Whether for political or economic gains, the effort to form these institutions is relevant and somehow to o optimistic.This paper displays different economic options LATAM states have in regards to economic integration. It also defines regional or subregional integration and lists some of the reasons why LATAM states insist in regional integration. Finally, the evidence and examples shown of the internal and external factors that impede and/or weaken regional integration support the following conclusion. A pragmatic approach in the economic and trading decisions seem to dominate the foreign policies of most LATAM countries, affecting the strength, legitimacy, and relevance of these formal regional institutions. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Peter H. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options for Latin America,† Latin America in the New World System, in Latin America in the New International System, ed. Joseph Tulchin and Ralph Espach (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2001), 38. [ 2 ]. Ibid. , 35-36. [ 3 ]. Ibid. ,39. [ 4 ]. Ibid. , 39-41. [ 5 ]. â€Å"US Relations with Mexico,† Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, US Department of State, accessed on March 15, 2013, http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35749. htm. [ 6 ]. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options Latin America,† 46-53. [ 7 ].Diana Tussie, â€Å"Latin America: Contrasting Motivations for Regional Projects,† Review of International Studies 35, S1 (2009), 169-188, doi:10. 1017/S026021050900847X. [ 8 ]. Smith, â€Å"Strategic Options Latin America,† 46. [ 9 ]. Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 170. [ 10 ]. Ibid. [ 11 ]. Francisco E. Gonzalez, â€Å"Latin America in the Economic Equation—Winners and Losers: What can losers do? † in China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin American and the United States, ed. Riordan Roett and Guadalupe Paz (Washington, D. C. :Brookings Institution Press, 2008), 151. [ 12 ].Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 170. [ 13 ]. Ibid. , 174. [ 14 ]. â€Å"International Trade and Market Access Data,† World Trade Organization website, accessed on March 3, 2013, http://webservices. wto. org/resources/profiles/MT/TO/2011/WLD_e. pdf. [ 15 ]. â€Å"International Trade and Market Access Data,† World Trade Organization website, accessed on March 3, 2013, http://www. wto. org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_bis_e. htm? solution=WTO&path=/Dashboards/MAPS&file= Map. wcdf&bookmarkState={%22impl%22:%22client%22,%22params%22:{%22langParam%22:%22en%22}}. [ 16 ]. Tussie, â€Å"Contrasting Motivations Regional,† 176.